Blaise Pascal was a mathematician, scientist, inventor, and philosopher. From the age of 16 he made historic contributions to mathematics and the physical sciences. Despite a sickly constitution and a capacity for intense abstraction, he nonetheless oversaw the material construction of his experiments and inventions with great zest.
Pascal was barely past 30 when he saw something unexpected one raw November night. He saw fire. The vision so branded him that he sewed the record he made of it, his Memorial, into his coat, carrying it with him the rest of his life:
The year of grace 1654,
Monday, 23 November, feast of St. Clement, pope and martyr, and others in the martyrology. Vigil of St. Chrysogonus, martyr, and others. From about half past ten at night until about half past midnight,
FIRE.
GOD of Abraham, GOD of Isaac, GOD of Jacob not of the philosophers and of the learned. Certitude. Certitude. Feeling. Joy. Peace. GOD of Jesus Christ. My God and your God. Your GOD will be my God. Forgetfulness of the world and of everything, except GOD. He is only found by the ways taught in the Gospel. Grandeur of the human soul. Righteous Father, the world has not known you, but I have known you. Joy, joy, joy, tears of joy.
I have departed from him: They have forsaken me, the fount of living water. My God, will you leave me? Let me not be separated from him forever. This is eternal life, that they know you, the one true God, and the one that you sent, Jesus Christ. Jesus Christ. Jesus Christ. I left him; I fled him, renounced, crucified. Let me never be separated from him. He is only kept securely by the ways taught in the Gospel: Renunciation, total and sweet. Complete submission to Jesus Christ and to my director. Eternally in joy for a day’s exercise on the earth. May I not forget your words. Amen.
In school, I was taught that Pascal meant it when he said, “GOD of Abraham, GOD of Isaac, GOD of Jacob / not of the philosophers and of the learned,” that after his night of fire that fateful November, Pascal really did renounce all scientific thought as libido excellendi, the concupiscence of the mind.
Bertrand Russell called this renunciation “philosophical suicide.” Friedrich Nietzsche called Pascal “the most instructive victim of Christianity.” By contrast, Pascal’s sister and hagiographer, Gilberte, who first related the renunciation, regarded it as a triumph of faith over the illusions of this world.
The Consequences of a Corrupted Reason
Years earlier Jansenists had stayed with the Pascal household, and young Blaise had convinced his sisters to adopt Jansenist teachings—teachings so passionately attached to Augustine’s vision of man’s total depravity as to be almost Calvinist despite their nominal Catholicism—so attached as to believe reason itself was corrupt, a chimera, a mirage misleading the minds of men. The mirror we see in so dimly is far too dim to leave reason underanged, at least not the reason that matters.
Hence “not of the philosophers and of the learned.” That’s quite a grim prospect for any of us trained to believe that the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob is also the God of the cosmos and of all who study it. What would it mean if the “not” were true? What would it be like to abandon the whole edifice of scientific understanding, to kick off the twin traces of evidence and proof, and plunge, headlong and burning into something else altogether? Since school days, it has been hard for me not to wonder.
So, the story goes, the man who, only months before, had been collaborating with fellow mathematician Fermat in founding an entire new discipline, probability theory, abandoned it all to become first a sarcastic theological crank (see the Provincial Letters), and finally the tortured soul dying tragically young, leaving his magnum opus, an existential defense of Christianity, so unfinished that only scattered fragments and notes could be gathered and published—the “Pensées.”
Or at least that’s the story as it’s commonly told. The real story is not quite so pat.
From a Conversion of the Mind to a Conversion of the Heart
Accounts differ as to how deep Pascal’s renunciation of scientific thinking went. Like Nietzsche and Russell, the folks at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy seem to believe it went pretty deep. Other sources point out he never did fully abandon his interest in math and science, and still pursued the odd project here and there. Moreover, scientific habits of mind do not disappear overnight, even if you’re not doing science. Certainly, the famous Wager of Pascal’s “Pensées” shows a mathematical mind still at work.
It isn’t often that a theological conceit with all the deference of a mugging is credited with mathematical innovation, but Pascal’s Wager is counted as one of the first uses, ever, of decision theory. Still, it’s worth asking why Pascal’s renunciation of scientific activity went as deep as it did, when it did. After all, Pascal had been a Jansenist for years while remaining active in scientific circles. His mind had been converted long before. The night of fire, though, was a conversion of the heart.
For Pascal, the heart was supremely important, though not in the romantic or emotional sense or even, necessarily, in the same sense other pious Christians speak of it. By “heart” (coeur), Pascal seems to have meant a faculty of perception “transcending reason and prior to it,” what Joseph Schumpeter (and Thomas Sowell after him) called Vision.
Within mathematics, Pascal spoke of an esprit de finesse that leaps ahead of reason and draws it onward. Polya would later quite charmingly call this intuitive spirit just “guessing,” though Polya would make guessing into an art. Polanyi would point out that this intuition, though not emotion itself, demands emotional commitment.
Pascal opposed l’esprit de finesse to l’esprit géométrique, the “geometric spirit” of articulated, deductive reasoning—the faculty of the mind that, however persuasive it might be, is often just on janitorial duty, tidying up the syllogisms after l’esprit de finesse has passed. The heart, as Pascal spoke of it, thus encompasses the intuition heralding reason just as it encompasses the “revelation” that reason is in vain. If this seems contradictory, perhaps Pascal would point to Jeremiah 17:9: “the heart is deceitful above all else.”
Even so, “some faint glimmer or trace of the instantaneous, clairvoyant understanding that the unfallen Adam was believed to enjoy in Paradise” must linger in the heart, else faith and reason would both be blind. And the eyes of Pascal’s heart saw fire.
An Intellect that Could Not Feed Its Owner
Fire. There’s speculation that Pascal, like Hildegard of Bingen before him, suffered migraines, headaches that may cause “fiery” hallucinatory auras. If so, both visionaries made something out of those auras, they made them into something revelatory, unlike other sufferers who might just regard the auras as a nuisance, an impediment to everyday adult responsibilities, and all the more painful for being so.
But then, Pascal, for all his accomplishments, never did lead what most of us would call a life of adult responsibility. He never held a job. If his sister’s account is to be believed, not only was he so sick in infancy that he screamed continually for more than a year, but he “continued to be so ill that, at the age of twenty-four, he could tolerate no food other than in liquid form, which his sisters or his nurse warmed and fed to him drop by drop.”
Pascal relied on nursing care not only throughout his sickly childhood, but throughout adulthood as well, exhibiting “an almost infantile dependence on his family.” By contrast, I suspect the attitude in most modern American households would be, “If you’re well enough to scale the heights of intellectual and spiritual achievement, well enough to mortify your own flesh in penance (something Pascal did in his later years), then you’re also well enough to feed yourself like a normal adult, thank you very much!”
In some circles, habitual suffering does seem to excuse a body from everyday obligations. In others, it seems to impose extra duties. (Thou Shalt Suffer Extra-Discreetly. Thou Shalt Endeavor Doubly To Not Impose.) These circles aren’t mutually exclusive. There’s no rule saying the same social circle must treat all who suffer equally, despite differences in social standing, other gifts, and the suffering’s nature.
We ordinary mortals sometimes surmise that suffering spurs, not stifles, genius, as if the suffering itself could cause genius. We may overlook, though, how much the great suffering geniuses rely on their caretakers to manage life’s little inanities for them. Stephen Hawking certainly had to depend on others to turn his paralysis into opportunity. Pascal was, by comparison, far more able-bodied. Although Pascal suffered greatly, he was also cared for greatly, so greatly it’s not hard to suspect he could have gotten by on less.
Had Pascal been expected to shift for himself more, would he have burned as brilliantly? Perhaps. But then again, perhaps not.
An Answer for Suffering that Isn’t Mathematical
The glittering realm where l’esprit de finesse transmutes into l’esprit géométrique offers an escape from suffering, a winter Eden; a realm where the bones of the trees of life and wisdom are freed from the flesh of their leaves, where pages of innocent snow await inscription, all stilled, all crystallized, a nature “out of nature,” set apart from the bloody, sticky summer which commends “whatever is begotten, born, and dies.”
The mental stillness demanded by l’esprit géométrique beckons as a refuge from the ravages of mind and body, but entering this place of peace is costly. The mysterious work of transmuting intuition into the coldest sort of reasoning is so absorbing precisely because it’s so demanding, and unless you can meet its demands, the gates to this winter Eden shut you out.
It’s not hard to imagine that a man like Pascal, dogged since infancy by suffering, first fell in love with math because he could make it a refuge, a pursuit absorbing enough that his suffering ceased to matter. Is it possible that he fell away from math and into theology and mysticism when, despite all the care he received, he reached a point where he could no longer get his suffering to cease to matter?
Neither mathematical nor scientific reasoning is intended to answer suffering. The freedom they offer from suffering is just the freedom of a perspective where suffering doesn’t matter either way. This perspective can be a great comfort as long you can sustain it. If you can sustain it.
Inhabiting the winter Eden means fueling your heart’s fire, else you freeze. When your own fuel runs out and your heart’s fire flickers, where do you turn? Perhaps to some greater fire outside yourself. Perhaps to the fire so great it seems to be a God. And perhaps that great fire is an illusion. Or perhaps it isn’t. The sole witness to that great fire is the heart, as clairvoyant as it is deceitful.
No wonder Pascal wagered.
An earlier draft of this essay first appeared at Ricochet.com.
